`` Weapons, Technology Determination And Ancient Warfare ``

Technological Determination and Hoplites Logically, it makes sense that the army with the most advanced technology would win battles against a less equipped one. However, in his paper titled â€Å"Weapons, Technology Determination and Ancient Warfare,† Fernando Echeverria Rey brings to light the paradox of this idea in ancient warfare, as well as undermine the modern idea of ‘technological determinism’ by claiming that it does not have an ancient equivalent. His argument approaches the study of ancient warfare from different perspectives as he â€Å"[offers] alternative ways to explain technological and tactical change in warfare† (Echeverria 2010: 24). Echeverria Rey makes strong points for his arguments and supports his ideas clearly. While†¦show more content†¦While the ‘political’ level and ‘structural’ level entail that â€Å"ancient communities were determined by military factors† (Echeverria 2010:22) and that these military factors â€Å"produce and explain broader socio-political change† (Echeverria 2010:22) respectively. By focusing in on the ‘battlefield’ level in his paper, Echeverria Rey stresses the distinction between these three levels and maintains clarity in his argument. He supports his argument by also putting â€Å"to the test the assumptions, that first some kinds of weapons and tactics are objectively ‘superior’ to others and that secondly, societies are always trying to create or import such superior weapons and tactics† (Echeverria 2010:24.) While hoplites may not be the epidemy of ancient warfare technological innovation, they are an important part of the history of ancient warfare and exemplify Echeverria Rey’s argument. A hoplite is â€Å"commonly interpreted as the quintessential Greek heavy armed infantry man (Echeverria 2012:292). Originally, the hoplite soldiers were â€Å"generally expected to provide his own arms and armor† (Bertosa 2003:361). Because of the monetary demand of being a hoplite soldier, a hoplite had to provide their own equipment such as a spears or shields, the majority of early hoplites were wealthy farm owners whose main goal was to protect their own land from enemies. The role of a hoplite was critical in ancient civilizationShow MoreRelatedThe Invention Of The World War II1367 Words   |  6 Pagescause and a means of solving political conflict (Military Technology). The technology used in a war determines the strategies, methods, and almost every other aspect of the war (Military Technology). There have been many pivotal points in warfare driven by advancements in technology. 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This new military technology contributed to the staggering casualties of the war, including some 10 million deaths; perhaps twice the number wounded, crippled, or disfigured; and countless women for whom their would be no husbands or children 5. With whom did the Ottoman EmpireRead MoreGalileo Galilei, Astronomer/Mathematician5105 Words   |  21 Pagesdistinguished French historian of science Alexandre Koyrà ©. The experiments reported in Two New Sciences to determine the law of acceleration of falling bodies, for instance, required accurate measurements of time, which appeared to be impossible with the technology of the 1600s. According to Koyrà ©, the law was arrived at deductively, and the experiments were merely illustrative thought experiments. Later research, however, has validated the experiments. 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When women are empowered, society with stability gets assuredRead MoreEurope and the New World: New Encounters4462 Words   |  18 PagesExpansion was a state enterprise âž ¢ By the 2nd  ½ of the 15th century, European monarchies had increased both their authority and their resources and were in a position to look beyond their borders Maps ⠝â€" Europeans had achieved a level of wealth and technology that enabled them to make a regular series of voyages beyond Europe. âž ¢ Potlolani - charts made by medieval navigators and mathematicians in the 13th and 14th which were more useful than their predecessors. They took no account for the curvatureRead MoreInternal Terrorism in India5989 Words   |  24 Pageslist of intolerants. The eastern states were not stranger to the problem of maosits, cry for gorkhaland and more! Jammu and Kashmir with time became the symbol of â€Å"war for independence† and with time internal disturbances else where became self determination symbols. The Punjab terrorism of the mid 80†²s is a stark example of fundamentalism rearing to give it a go. Probably the only example where it was â€Å"contained† (am not proud of the way it was handled and what it became) yet the fundamentalism wasRead MoreThe Effect of World War II on the Lives of People at Home Essay5431 Words   |  22 Pageschanges in societies attitude were provoked. The war was described as a ‘Total war’ because the complete economy and populations of the participating nations were geared in to the production and support of the war effort. This made warfare totally reliant on the industrial capacity of its country, forcing everyone to be included somehow. In the case of Britain, this unified the citizens and strengthened its spirit through hardships. Without co-operation on the home frontRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Sonny s Blues By James Baldwin - 1028 Words

In every individual, a host of socio-historical forces converge and influence the subject’s ideas. Consciously and unconsciously, the individual reflects the confluence of his or her history and culture. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, a short story by James Baldwin, the dominant culture constricts the black individual. Subject to the explicit and latent biases of a racist society, the black population of â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† attempt to endure oppression and suffering and survive in an unforgiving land. However, they can thrive here with the hope and salvation provided by the communal center of African American culture: religion. Written after the abolition of slavery, but before the Civil Rights Movement, â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† transpires in an uncertain era,†¦show more content†¦Aware of the societal policies and practices discriminating against them, the African Americans in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† perceive this societal oppression as a â€Å"darkness† surrounding them. The darkness in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† is the metaphorical embodiment of their suffering and the eventual culmination of that suffering: death. The narrator remembers the darkness in his youth, when he saw â€Å"the darkness coming, and the darkness in the faces† (11), which frightened him. The narrator was afraid of his destiny, afraid of the brutal reality awaiting him, afraid of the finality of death. He hoped that â€Å"the hand which stroke[d] his forehead [would] never stop — [would] never die†¦ that there [would] never come a time when the old folks [wouldn’t] be around†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (11). This darkness, the darkness of racism and the darkness of death, affects all the black populace of â€Å"Sonny’s Blues.† In response to this darkness, each black character copes in his or her unique way. The narrator leaves the crime-ridden projects of his youth to a better home, wh ere he attempts, under societal oppression, a stable life. Sonny attempts to escape the darkness by playing music and eventually, doing heroin. The narrator, in enduring his pains, finds relative stability in family and work; believing

Racism in New Zealand Example For Students

Racism in New Zealand â€Å"In Aotearoa New Zealand the legacy of ongoing colonization by European (especially British) settlers has produced a society characterized by the presence of major ethnic and cultural disparities† (Kearns, Moewaka-Barnes, McCreanor, 2009). New Zealand has a population of around four million people. Within that amount of people ranges a vast variety of races consisting predominately of European/Pakeha, Maori, Asian and Pacific people. The Maori, who make up 15% of the population, are indigenous to New Zealand and after the European colonisation in the nineteenth century, have experienced the effects of racism and institutional racism as a result of this colonisation. This essay explores the ideas of racism and racial discrimination and the difference between the two concepts. It discusses the history of New Zealand and where racist issues may have derived from throughout society and how these issues through the idea of institutional racism still exist in contemporary soci ety, by discussing the representation of Maoris’ in the criminal justice system. Ethnicity relates to a group who shares particular history, a set of cultural practices and institutions and is conscious of a shared identity as a result. (G, R, P) Race is the grouping of which results from the practice of classifying others by physical characteristics and the belief that this classification represents some form of innate difference in terms of ability or disposition (G, R, P). Race in contemporary society is largely a production of European colonisation, the enlightenment and the age of empire. Racism is this belief that some racial, ethnic, religious or cultural groups are above others. This notion combined with power leads to actions favouring the supposedly superior groups, thus resulting in acts of racism (Bhopal, 2006). There are different forms of racism present throughout society. Institutional racism relates to the idea of a difference in access to the goods, services and opportunities of a society, which results in a society that privileges racial major ities. Cultural racism sees a difference in beliefs and assumptions about the tradtions, abilities, motives and desires of the racial minorites. Internalised racism is when members of stigmatised racial groups see and acceptance of the negative mess ages about their own abilities and intrinsic worth. Taking the concept one step further, sees the styles of racism present in society. Overt racism sees a person who is intentional and self-consciously biased towards their treatment of racial minorities resulting in a â€Å"visible form of racism. Implicit racism sees a person who is unintentional and unsciously biased of their treatment of racial miniorites, resulting in a ‘hidden, invisible form of racism.’ There is a difference between racism and racial discrimination. Racial discrimination relates to this idea of prejudice and the difference in how people are treated based on their race. In comparison to this racism relates more to how a minority group are treated differently due to their race, which maintains a ‘pre-existing’ system of oppression. In the status of the system, racial discrimination can be practiced both upwards and downwards. However, racism in the status of the system can only be practised downwards. This is because, unlike discrimination, racism is an expression of a much larger system of power relations. In the early 20th Century, New Zealand was a country that consisted of Maori culture. The word ‘Maori’ was not an ethnicity category as of yet. During the early days of colonization, the Maori saw a rise in capitalist ventures between the-the Europeans, supplying agricultural goods. This resulted in the formation of the Treaty of Waitangi, which established the recognised Maori ownership of their lands and other properties under a British Governor of New Zealand. There was a major difference in the Maori translation compared to the English translation of the treaty. The treaty was meant to offer a form of protection towards Maori interests. But the difference in translations lead saw the rise in many racial issues between Maori citizens and the English. Assimilation is the process which sees a prson or a group’s languge and/or culture come to resemble those of another group. In the early 1900s to 1969s Pakeha instituions and some Maori groups pursed policies of as similation through the detribalisation of Maori identity. In 1912 the Native land amendment act was introduced. It was set out to enable Maori to apply to the native land court in order to be declared â€Å"European-in-law† based on the social factors such as knowledge of Englsih, european education, sufficient income from a professino, trade and land holdings. â€Å"This act was repealed in 1931. The government also encouraged Maori to assimilate to European culture. They used propaganda through their sponsorship towards Maori language newspapers. â€Å"Surrender to Pakeha the regulation of all things, for with him is wisdom and power and wealth and nobility, and he will preserve the government of your island†¦cast aside the Maori life, and adopt the usages of the Pakeha† (Te Karere Maori or the Maori Messenger 2:3, 2 May 1862, p. 30) is an example of the forms of propaganda used in order to try to persuade this move towards European culture. Assimilation was no t just enforced through government activity but also occurred through everyday activity through the increase in Maori and European interaction. In schools and at work Maori were being dissuaded from speaking Te Reo. As a result of this by the 1970s very few New Zealanders could speak Te Reo. The colonialisation of New Zealand in the nineteenth century occurred during a period when slavery was coming under attack but when views about ‘race’ were still very powerful (G, R, P). The European’s were very superior. They insisted that their way of life be adopted. They denied the Maori to be able to develop their cultural traditions and languages. For example the Native Schools act in 1867 saw English made compulsory.  ¬Ã‚ ¬ This is still present in contemporary societies. .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4 , .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4 .postImageUrl , .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4 , .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4:hover , .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4:visited , .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4:active { border:0!important; } .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4:active , .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4 .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u02e25a4f14ed758ba7d9b44f47d35fc4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Racism in O’Connor EssayInstitutional racism does still exist within contemporary New Zealand society. This can be seen through the way the Maoris perception of the police. In the 1998 report on Maoris’ perception of the police, focus groups were conducted mainly within Maori communities to determine why Maori’s have negative views towards the police. In summary, the response consisted of a unanimous perception of the police institution being a racist institution that had strong anti-Maori attitudes (Te Whaiti Roguski, 1998). The participants responded to situations were often the Maori citizens would be questioned on the pretext of criminal suspicion even though they had not committed a crime. They also responded to racist verbal abuse by the police. This is an example of institutional racism, as it sees Maori citizens being placed as the minority against European citizens based on their race. â€Å"For MÄ ori, this breach is also a contravention of indigenous rights. Our results provide an additional reason to urgently address racist attitudes and discriminatory practices and their economic consequences in New Zealand society.† (Harris, Tobias, Jeffreys, Waldegrave, Karlsen, Nazroo, 2006) There is an assumption being placed on them that they are linked to criminal activity resulting in police to automatically believe they are the issue above everyone else, regardless of whether or not they are actually connected with the incident. This issue is still present today. In 2013, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination reported on their concern at the high rates of incarceration the over-re presentation of members of Maori communities, at every stage of the criminal justice system. A proportion of the Maori crime rate is due to an inequality and biased enforcement of the law at multiple stages of the criminal justice system. The small acts of bias including over-policing of Maori communities, harassment, and differential punishment of similar behavior are what influence the overall picture of the overrepresentation of Maori. Maori are over-represented at each stage of the criminal justice system (Hanan) This overrepresentation is justified through the statistics, dating back to 2005 that saw 47% of Maori and Pacific people had been a victim of a crime. Maori women were most likely to be victimized and also had a victimization rate double the average for women overall and 29% of violent crimes against Maori were reported to the Police. â€Å"For many marginalised individuals and groups these effects are internalised and incorporated into personal discourse, attitude, belief or ideology in damaging and self- fulfi lling psychological negativity† (Barnes, Tampa, Borell, McCreanor) The issue of racism continues to grow throughout the world. In New Zealand, it is evident that it does exist as an issue. While New Zealand has come a long way since the earlier European colonization, Institutional racism is still present throughout contemporary society. This is seen through the representation of Maoris’ in comparison to European representation throughout the criminal justice system.

Nuclear Power Essays (1719 words) - Hazardous Waste, Radioactivity

Nuclear Power Radioactive wastes, must for the protection of mankind be stored or disposed in such a manner that isolation from the biosphere is assured until they have decayed to innocuous levels. If this is not done, the world could face severe physical problems to living species living on this planet. Some atoms can disintegrate spontaneously. As they do, they emit ionizing radiation. Atoms having this property are called radioactive. By far the greatest number of uses for radioactivity in Canada relate not to the fission, but to the decay of radioactive materials - radioisotopes. These are unstable atoms that emit energy for a period of time that varies with the isotope. During this active period, while the atoms are 'decaying' to a stable state their energies can be used according to the kind of energy they emit. Since the mid 1900's radioactive wastes have been stored in different manners, but since several years new ways of disposing and storing these wastes have been developed so they may no longer be harmful. A very advantageous way of storing radioactive wastes is by a process called 'vitrification'. Vitrification is a semi-continuous process that enables the following operations to be carried out with the same equipment: evaporation of the waste solution mixed with the ------------------------------------------------------------ 1) borosilicate: any of several salts derived from both boric acid and silicic acid and found in certain minerals such as tourmaline. additives necesary for the production of borosilicate glass, calcination and elaboration of the glass. These operations are carried out in a metallic pot that is heated in an induction furnace. The vitrification of one load of wastes comprises of the following stages. The first step is 'Feeding'. In this step the vitrification receives a constant flow of mixture of wastes and of additives until it is 80% full of calcine. The feeding rate and heating power are adjusted so that an aqueous phase of several litres is permanently maintained at the surface of the pot. The second step is the 'Calcination and glass evaporation'. In this step when the pot is practically full of calcine, the temperature is progressively increased up to 1100 to 1500 C and then is maintained for several hours so to allow the glass to elaborate. The third step is 'Glass casting'. The glass is cast in a special container. The heating of the output of the vitrification pot causes the glass plug to melt, thus allowing the glass to flow into containers which are then transferred into the storage. Although part of the waste is transformed into a solid product there is still treatment of gaseous and liquid wastes. The gases that escape from the pot during feeding and calcination are collected and sent to ruthenium filters, condensers and scrubbing columns. The ruthenium consists of ------------------------------------------------------------ 2) condensacate: product of condensation. glass pellets coated with ferrous oxide and maintained at a temperature of 500 C. In the treatment of liquid wastes, the condensates collected contain about 15% ruthenium. This is then concentrated in an evaporator where nitric acid is destroyed by formaldehyde so as to maintain low acidity. The concentration is then neutralized and enters the vitrification pot. Once the vitrification process is finished, the containers are stored in a storage pit. This pit has been designed so that the number of containers that may be stored is equivalent to nine years of production. Powerful ventilators provide air circulation to cool down glass. The glass produced has the advantage of being stored as solid rather than liquid. The advantages of the solids are that they have almost complete insolubility, chemical inertias, absence of volatile products and good radiation resistance. The ruthenium that escapes is absorbed by a filter. The amount of ruthenium likely to be released into the environment is minimal. Another method that is being used today to get rid of radioactive waste is the 'placement and self processing radioactive wastes in deep underground cavities'. This is the disposing of toxic wastes by incorporating them into molten silicate rock, with low permeability. By this method, liquid wastes are injected into a deep underground cavity with mineral treatment and allowed to self-boil. The resulting steam is processed at ground level and recycled in a closed system. When waste addition is terminated, the chimney is allowed to boil dry. The heat generated by the radioactive wastes then melts the surrounding rock, thus dissolving the wastes. When waste and water addition stop, the cavity temperature would rise to the melting point of the rock. As the molten rock mass increases in size, so does the surface area. This

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde essays

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde essays Robert Louis Stevenson was born kin to Thomas Stevenson in Edinburgh in 1850. His original plans in life were to follow his fathers footsteps as a joint-engineer of the Board of Northern Lighthouses, but being a sickly child prevented him from doing so. After abandoning the degree is engineering at the University of Edinburgh, he then decided to pursue writing in 1875. In this same year he was introduced to a life long friend, W.E. Henley. This friendship would later lead the pair to create four undistinguishable plays throughout the early 1880s. Stevenson traveled about for several years in pursuit of a cure for his ailments, until he then met his future wife, Fanny Osbourne, in France in 1876. From this point up through 1880 when he married Fanny, he wrote two novels: An Island Voyage and Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes. In 1879 he traveled to California by immigrant ship to be with Fanny who would divorce in 1880, then remarry Robert Stevenson in that same year. Mr s. Fanny Osbourne was ten years older than Stevenson, but she proved to have a kind heart and cared for Robert throughout many bouts of illness. In 1884 the couple moved back to Bournemouth after staying in Calistoga for several years. His most famous works of literature began to spring up in 1883, including: Treasure Island in 1883, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in 1886, Kidnapped in 1886, its sequel Catriona in 1893, and then The Master of Ballantrae in 1889. In 1888 R.L. Stevenson along with his family traveled to the South Seas where he gained the legendary aspect of his life. This was where Stevenson met up with Father Damien, a Belgian priest who devoted his life to caring for over 700 lepers at the colony of Molokai, who then died of leprosy in 1889. In 1890, after settling down in Samoa at Vailima, he published his popular defense of Father Damien, Father Damien: an open letter to the Reverend Dr. Hyde of Honolulu. After ...

Biography of Boudicca, British Celtic Warrior Queen

Biography of Boudicca, British Celtic Warrior Queen Boudicca was a  British Celtic warrior queen who led a revolt against Roman occupation. Her date and place of birth are unknown and its believed she died in 60 or 61 CE.  An alternative British spelling is Boudica, the Welsh call her Buddug, and she is sometimes known by a Latinization of her name, Boadicea or Boadacaea. We know the history of Boudicca through two writers: Tacitus, in Agricola (98) and The Annals (109), and Cassius Dio, in The Rebellion of Boudicca (about 163) Boudicca was the wife of Prasutagus, who was head of the Iceni tribe in East England, in what is now Norfolk and Suffolk.  Nothing is known about her birth date or birth family. Fast Facts: Boudicca Known For: British Celtic Warrior Queen  Also Known As: Boudicea, Boadicea, Buddug, Queen of BritainBorn: Britannia (date unknown)Died: 60 or 61 CESpouse: PrasutagusHonors: A statue of  Boudicca  with her daughters in her  war  chariot stands next to Westminster Bridge and the Houses of Parliament in England. It was commissioned by Prince Albert, executed by Thomas Thornycroft, and completed in 1905.Notable Quotes: If you weigh well the strengths of our armies you will see that in this battle we must conquer or die. This is a womans resolve. As for the men, they may live or be slaves. I am not fighting for my kingdom and wealth now. I am fighting as an ordinary person for my lost freedom, my bruised body, and my outraged daughters. Roman Occupation and Prasutagus Boudicca was married to Prasutagus, ruler of the Iceni people of East Anglia, in 43 CE, when the Romans invaded Britain, and most of the Celtic tribes were forced to submit. However, the Romans allowed two Celtic kings to retain some of their traditional power. One of these two was Prasutagus. The Roman occupation brought an increased Roman settlement, military presence, and attempts to suppress Celtic religious culture. There were major economic changes, including heavy taxes and money lending. In 47, the Romans forced the Ireni to disarm, creating resentment. Prasutagus had been given a grant by the Romans, but the Romans then redefined this as a loan. When Prasutagus died in 60 CE, he left his kingdom to his two daughters and jointly to Emperor Nero to settle this debt. Romans Seize  Power After Prasutagus Dies The Romans arrived to collect, but instead of settling for half the kingdom, they seized control of all of it. According to Tacitus, to humiliate the former rulers, the Romans beat Boudicca publicly, raped their two daughters, seized the wealth of many Iceni, and sold much of the royal family into slavery. Dio has an alternative story that does not include rapes and beatings. In his version, a Roman moneylender named Seneca called in loans of the Britons. The Roman governor Suetonius turned his attention to attacking Wales, taking two-thirds of the Roman military in Britain. Boudicca meanwhile met with the leaders of the Iceni, Trinovanti, Cornovii, Durotiges, and other tribes, who also had grievances against the Romans, including grants that had been redefined as loans. They planned to revolt and drive out the Romans. Boudiccas Army Attacks Led by Boudicca, about 100,000 British attacked Camulodunum (now Colchester), where the Romans had their main center of rule. With Suetonius and most of the Roman forces away, Camulodunum was not well-defended, and the Romans were driven out. The Procurator Decianus was forced to flee. Boudiccas army burned Camulodunum to the ground; only the Roman Temple was left. Immediately, Boudiccas army turned to the largest city in the British Isles, Londinium (London). Suetonius strategically abandoned the city, and Boudiccas army burned Londinium and massacred the 25,000 inhabitants who had not fled. Archaeological evidence of a layer of burned ash shows the extent of the destruction. Next, Boudicca and her army marched on Verulamium (St. Albans), a city largely populated by Britons who had cooperated with the Romans and who were killed as the city was destroyed. Changing Fortunes Boudiccas army had counted on seizing Roman food stores when the tribes abandoned their own fields to wage rebellion, but Suetonius had strategically burned the Roman stores. Famine thus struck the victorious army, greatly weakening it. Boudicca fought one more battle, though its precise location is unknown. Boudiccas army attacked uphill, and, exhausted and hungry, was easily routed by the Romans to rout. Roman troops- numbering just 1,200- defeated Boudiccas army of 100,000, killing 80,000 while suffering only 400 casualties. Death and Legacy What happened to Boudicca is uncertain. She may have returned to her home territory and taken poison to avoid Roman capture. As a result of the rebellion, the Romans strengthened their military presence in Britain but also lessened the oppressiveness of their rule. After the Romans suppressed Boudiccas rebellion, Britons mounted a few smaller insurrections in the coming years, but none gained the same widespread support or cost as many lives. The Romans would continue to hold Britain, without any further significant trouble, until their withdrawal from the region in 410. Boudiccas story was nearly forgotten until Tacitus work Annals was rediscovered in 1360. Her story became popular during the reign of another English queen who headed an army against foreign invasion, Queen Elizabeth I. Today, Boudicca is considered a national heroine in Great Briton, and she is seen as a universal symbol of the human desire for freedom and justice. Boudiccas life has been the subject of historical novels and a 2003 British television film,  Warrior Queen. Sources â€Å"History - Boudicca.†Ã‚  BBC, BBC.Mark, Joshua J. â€Å"Boudicca.†Ã‚  Ancient History Encyclopedia, Ancient History Encyclopedia, 28 Feb. 2019.Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Boudicca.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 23 Jan. 2017.

Light in August Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Light in August - Essay Example Nicholas and Golay when critically analyzing William Fauklner’s novel â€Å"the light in august† gives a different point as a reason to why Joe hate women. Joe had an affair with Allen Bobbie, who’s a prostitute but after a short quarrel she ditched him and went away from town. This act leaved deep and life long affects on the way Joe stereotyped women for the rest of his life. Joe Christmas, main protagonist of the novel â€Å"the light in august† written by William Faulkner, serves as one of the novel’s most mysterious character. Portrayed as an angry man, he is the one stepping comfortably in neither black nor the white world. As Joe makes his first appearance in the novel, he arouses a strong amount of inquisitiveness on the mill workers, along with contempt for his greater lack of involvement and other appealing qualities. Though Faulkner has provided a number of statements to elucidate Christmas’s attitude, he still remains an isolated, enigmatic figure, indefinable. When working at the mill he is a non entity, an empty slate that is used by biased men who examines Joe according to their own minute level of understanding. Many of them believe that he is a native from an unknown foreign country. Joe Christmas is the central character for the theme projected by Faulkner. By his appearance and complexion he is a white man, but he suspects that he have some black ancestry. He is at times sickened by his blackness, like the time when he beats a prostitute for willing to sleep with a black man, and even loves to live in â€Å"black† neighborhood to absorb their norms and way of life. He perceives a mixed opinion, both ashamed and sometime proud of his blackness. He was always eager to inform everyone that he had a black heritage. He himself admits that his seek to come to terms with his racial uniqueness has entirely structured his life. Question 1: Why is Joe Christmas so violent towards women? The perception of feminine sexuality that Joe Christmas has is somehow similar to the characters of â€Å"Quentin Compson† and â€Å"Horace Benbow†, famous personalities of typical English literature. He is actually against the idea of menstruation, and equals hate the idea of naming a prostitute as an immoral woman. He adores the beauty and attractiveness of a virgin, declaring her a beautiful pot. Yet Christmas never loves the idea of women as a companion, which is why he favors prostitutes. Christmas links bodily blood with his outlook of women. He defines races and masculinity by the odor of their blood, and is responsible and ruined because of the color of his black blood. Faulkner intimately relates to Joe, in particular sexuality, race, and faith, is dyed by the metaphors of blood he belongs. His black blood is the most important element in Christmas's harsh view of women. He has a sick insight of women and her sexual position due to Christmas’s disturbing very first disc losure to sexuality, at the age little age of just five, where he supposed the mating act as aggressive and repulsive. Apart from the fact that he characterized sex as being a disgusted act, he developed the feeling that the male is predestined to provoke fear in his female co-worker. This idea remained in his mind for years and he acted brutally towards women in his own sexual encounters. Question 2: To what extent does his upbringing affect how he

Choice of the Managing Director Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Choice of the Managing Director - Essay Example Introduction In case of the expatriate operations, the functions of management and leadership are to a large extent dependent on a much broader concept called ‘diversity’ (Kirton & Greene 2005, p. 127). Diversity is a very expansive concept that includes within its ambit a little more than an individual’s looks, colour, traits, attitudes and status (Kirton & Greene 2005). In the given scenario the managing director to be selected will be required to manage, function and lead in an environment that will carry a quintessentially Vietnamese flavour. As the commonsense suggest, it will be much easier for a Vietnamese managing director to manage the manufacturing operations being undertaken in Vietnam. However, in an academic context, the choice to be made is necessarily required to be explained in a rational and factual manner. As per Geert Hofstede, the salient values in any organization are to a large extent determined by the predominant culture of that place. Hofst ede grouped the cultural values of varied countries and regions into four main groups that are called the Hofstede cultural dimensions (Baptiste, Dodor & Rana 2007). ... Vietnam has a Power Distance Index of 70, which means that in the Vietnamese society, people do readily accept a hierarchical system, without registering any objections or problems (Hofstede 1996). Individualism is a cultural attribute that determines as to the extent to which the members in a society tend to remain independent. On this dimensions, Vietnam has a score of 20 that means that in Vietnam it is the group affiliations that stand to dominate over individual aspirations and ambition (Tuan & Napier 2000). Masculinity is a cultural dimension that explains whether a society values success and ambition or whether it gives priority to the overall quality of life over success, achievement and ambition (Hofstede 1996). Vietnam has a score of 40 on this dimension which means that Vietnam is particularly a feminine society where solidarity and quality of life holds a sway over success and achievement (Reynolds 2000). Hofstede also propounded one more cultural dimension that is Uncert ainty Avoidance. The Uncertainty Avoidance Index of a culture states as to what extent the people in a culture are comfortable with the anxiety and stress associated with the ambiguity inherent in the future (Hofstede 1996). Vietnam has a low Uncertainty Avoidance Index of 30 which means that the Vietnamese hate uncertainty and are mostly willing to do away with strict norms and principles in favour of ease and certainty (Tuan & Napier 2000). It will be really interesting to see as how the Australian culture scores on the four Hofstede cultural dimensions. Australia- Cultural Dimensions Australia has a Power Distance Index of 36, very low as compared to Vietnam. Translated practically it means that in the Australian work culture, hierarchies

African Americans and the Civil War Essay Example for Free

African Americans and the Civil War Essay In the world we live in many people take a lot for granted. Just the small simple things people don’t really appreciate, being ungrateful for the things that have been given to them. Many people and different situations have paved the way for our generation to become much easier to live in. African Americans during the civil rights movement had to face a lot of trills in order to make the world a better place. Many people don’t appreciate that because they are unaware of just how much grief African Americans had to go though to create a path for the upcoming generation. African Americans faced many hardships during the civil rights movement, some of those hardships were segregation, voting rights, and assassination of prominent African American leaders. Segregation was such a big obstacle for African Americans because not only were they not allowed to go certain places it became bigger than that. Everything in African Americans lives were split in half. There were white only signs places all over there towns. White only signs for bathrooms, restaurants, and water fountains. Everything was separated between the two races blacks and whites. One event that really stuck out like a sore thumb was The Montgomery Bus Boycott. During, the time of segregation blacks were allowed to ride the buses, but many rules had to apply. Blacks had a black’s only section on the bus that could be moved in any location of the bus. That means that the blacks’ only sign could be moved in front of two rows on the bus if that’s what the bus driver wanted. Black riders had to pay their bus far on the front of the bus and get off to walk to the back of the bus to ride. Some bus drivers would allow the blacks to pay and when the step off the bus the bus driver would drive away and leave them. When blacks did receive a chance to ride on the bus, if a white person did not have a seat to sit in a black person had to give up their seat. The blacks of Montgomery, Alabama, decided that they would boycott the city buses until they could sit anywhere they wanted, instead of being relegated to the back when a white boarded. On December 1, 1955, Mrs. Rosa Parks, an African American seamstress, was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for not standing and letting a white bus rider take her seat. The plan to stop the whites from making the blacks move was the boycott. Blacks would no longer ride the buses anymore. That means that the bus companies were losing a lot of money. Blacks would walk to work or school and even carpool, but would not step foot on the buses. The boycott continued for over a year. Eventually, the United States Supreme Court put an end to the boycott. On November 13, 1956 the Court declared that Alabamas state and local laws requiring segregation on buses were illegal. On December 20th federal injunctions were served on city and bus company officials forcing them to follow the Supreme Courts ruling. African Americans had to face a lot just so that they could be treated as an equal on the bus. Segregation played a huge role in the school system. In public schools more so than any. That’s what stated the big flare Brown vs. Board of Education. The 1954 United States Supreme Court decision in Oliver L. Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka (KS) is among the most significant judicial turning points in the development of our country. Originally led by Charles H. Houston, and later Thurgood Marshall and a formidable legal team, it dismantled the legal basis for racial segregation in schools and other public facilities. Brown vs. Board of Education was not simply about children and education. The laws and policies struck down by this court decision were products of the human tendencies to prejudge, discriminate against, and stereotype other people by their ethnic, religious, physical, or cultural characteristics. Ending this behavior as a legal practice caused far reaching social and ideological implications, which continue to be felt throughout our country. The Brown decision inspired and galvanized human rights struggles across the country and around the world. The U. S. Supreme Court decision in Brown began a critical chapter in the maturation of our democracy. It reaffirmed the sovereign power of the people of the United States in the protection of their natural rights from arbitrary limits and restrictions imposed by state and local governments. These rights are recognized in the Declaration of Independence and guaranteed by the U. S. Constitution. Brown was giving African Americans the opportunity to be accepted as an individual and not just as a race. Now, you would think that after the Brown vs. Board of Education whites would accept African Americans and treat them better. That was not the case and segregation did not stop there. Although, many people had hoped that it would it took the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to really make a change. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed major forms of discrimination against blacks and women, and ended racial segregation in the United States. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public. Once the Act was implemented, its effects were far-reaching on the country as a whole and had an immediate impact on the South. It prohibited discrimination in public facilities, in government, and in employment, invalidating the Jim Crow laws in the southern U. S. It became illegal to compel segregation of the races in schools, housing, or hiring. After passage of the law, the NAACP was the only major civil rights organization to maintain a large membership in the South, where it concentrated on organizing the ongoing struggle for black civil rights. During 1965-75, the NAACP remained committed to using litigation to challenge racial injustice. African Americans had to fight hard to get what they deserved and it took a lot of patients and time to receive change but it finally happened. That is we segregation ended and Africans were free to sit, eat, talk, shop, and work anywhere they wanted. Being able to vote is a very important ordeal. Many people in this day and time take advantage of being able to voice their opinions. Not taking advantage of who we desire to have in office is a sign of being ungrateful. African Americans were not given that right years ago. African Americans had to fight just so that they could vote. That’s when the Voting Act of 1965 came in play. Before, this Act was enforced African Americans had to take a literacy tests and pay poll taxes. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 abolished literacy tests and poll taxes designed to disenfranchise African American voters, and gave the federal government the authority to take over voter registration in counties with a pattern of persistent discrimination. Echoing the language of the 15th Amendment, the Act prohibits states from imposing any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color. The Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, a Democrat, who had earlier signed the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law. Being able to vote was an honor and so many people don’t even both to go vote during the elections today. African Americans fought for the right to vote without having to take tests or pay poll taxes and people still don’t go out to vote. That is taking voting rights for granted. Being an African American during the civil rights movement was a challenge, but being an African American woman was even difficult. That’s when the period of women’s suffrage played its role. Women’s Suffrage is the right of women to vote and to run for office. The expression is also used for the economic and political reform movement aimed at extending these rights to women and without any restrictions or qualifications such as property ownership, payment of tax, or marital status. Being a woman in this time period restricted of many rights. Womens suffrage has been granted at various times in various countries throughout the world, and in many countries it was granted before universal suffrage. Without women’s suffrage women would still be restricted to make decisions and just be limited to being mothers and wives. The women’s suffrage broke that cycle. The best way to leave a positive mark on the world is being a leader. It takes a lot of heart, courage, and sacrifice, in becoming a great leader. Leaders are persons that people look up to. They depend on a leader to give them hope to carry on and a positive role model to look up to. There were not too many people that wanted to take the position of being a leader, but a few chose to step up to the plate. African Americans needed kind and encouraging words to help uplift them during the civil rights movement. Two great leaders Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Melcolm X took on a job to lead the world into a better place called freedom. The two leaders gave African Americans hope to continue on when they wanted to just give up. African Americans depended on these two prominent leaders to strengthen them. African Americans during the civil rights movement needed to relay on someone and those leaders were the perfect ones. No one would have ever been ready for what was expected to come. For years African American have been told what they could and couldn’t do. They have been talked about, abused, lied on, and have had everything taken from them. But, still they have stayed strong through it all. When all they had were two great prominent leaders and they were taken from them as well they still stayed strong. Two great prominent leaders were assonated. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Martin Luther King Jr. was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement. He was best known for being an iconic figure in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. King was often presented as a heroic leader in the history of modern American liberalism. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president. Kings efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his I Have a Dream speech. There, he expanded American values to include the vision of a color blind society, and established his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history. But, as people have said â€Å"all things must come to an end. † At 6:01 p. m. on April 4, 1968, a shot rang out. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , who had been standing on the balcony of his room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, TN, lay sprawled on the balconys floor. A gaping wound covered a large portion of his jaw and neck. A great man who had spent thirteen years of his life dedicating himself to nonviolent protest had been felled by a snipers bullet.

Proctor and Gamble Essay -- Business Marketing Market Essays

Proctor and Gamble This paper will describe the four elements of the marketing mix (product, place, price, promotion). In addition, it will describe how each element is implemented within a specific organization and how the four elements relate to that organizations marketing strategy. The company used in this example is both a product and service driven company and is in business for profit. The company chosen to demonstrate the marketing mix has been a leader in the industry for many years as well as an innovator in product advertising design. Starting out as a soap and candle manufacturer, more than earned their place in the market place. The company is Proctor and Gamble (P&R) and their earliest beginnings are rooted in strong family tradition and humility from the early 1800s. The Proctor and Gamble of today is far different than the founding company operating in a global marketplace, in 140 countries, distributing their products and services to consumers two billion times a day. With such meager beginnings and at the time of inception, their product was needless to say, unpopular. Soap in the early part of the nineteenth century was not on the priority list for consumers to spend their monies on. P&G depended heavily on their candle making but as the light bulb became more popular they quickly realized that candles had become a thing of the past and quickly turned their attentions to the soap business. With a few governmental contracts and some investors, t...

Writing and Non Verbal Communication

DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT (DBM) Answers of Business Communication Case I 1) Comment on the appropriateness of the sender’s tone to a customer. Letter is written in a simple and direct manner. There is no beating about the bush. Letter is brief but its convey the purpose and idea of the writer fully. Impolite and harsh language is avoided. 2. Point out the old – fashioned phrases and expressions. Heading and leatter head Reference Inside address Attention line Subject Salutation Body Complimentary close dentification mark Enclosure 3. Rewrite the reply according to the principles of effective writing in business. Case II 1. What is non – verbal communication? Why do you suppose that this commercial relies primarily on non-verbal communication between a young man and a gorgeous woman? What types of non – verbal communication are being used in this case? Non Verbal communication is that which communication through other symbols. The non verbal communicat ion in this case used are â€Å"Auditory symbols† and â€Å"Body languages† . Would any of the non-verbal communications in this spot (ad) not work well in another culture? No it won’t be working in another culture 3. What role does music play in this spot? Who is the target market? The music play in this spot for Advertising the Radio FM Brand. Fm Brand was the target market. 4. Is the music at all distracting from the message? No the music was not distracting from the message 5. How else are radio stations advertised on TV? Case III 1. Analyse the reasons for Arvind Pandey’s dilemma.Arvind was in the situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between not want to lose the job and also against his loyalty to his company and his personal ethics. 2. Does Arvind Pandey really face a dilemma? Yes, definitely Arvind was facing a dilemma. 3. In your view what should Arvind Pandey do? Should he disclose it to his German Vice President? In this situatio n he should not go against his loyalty to his company and his personal ethics. He should place the whole thing before his German Vice President. Case IV . Comment on the terms and conditions placed by the corporation. The corporation was trying to negotiation in terms and conditions, delivery, sevices. 2. What factors influenced the computer company’s decision to accept the contract? The computer company who was finally awarded the contract had agreed to overall terms that were fine as far as their own products were concerned but had also accepted the same terms for the brought – out items. In this case, the bought – out items were to be imported through a letter of credit.The percentage of the bought – out items versus their own manufacture was also very high. 3. Was it a win – win agreement? Discuss? No it was not totally a win because the computer company started facing trouble immediately on supply. There were over 100 computers over a distance connected with one another with software on it. For the acceptance tests, it had been agreed that the computer company would demonstrate as a pre-requisite the features they had claimed during technical discussions.

Is Macbeth a hero or villain? Essay

The play ‘Macbeth’ by William Shakespeare is about a fascinating character known as Macbeth. Do we consider him a hero or a villain? There has been much questioning over this. As the story goes on, Macbeth went down many changed turns, some for good, and some for bad. Macbeth goes from a nice hero to a mean villain all in a small period of time. Many actions made Macbeth into a good person at the opening of the play, which gave him titles of bravery, loyalty, and a good reputation. Then several actions made Macbeth appear evil such as committing crimes, being greedy, and having temptation. Macbeth can be seen as either a hero or a villain. At the start of the play, Macbeth was what looked to be a hero. There are numerous great characteristics to show that Macbeth is a hero such as him being loyal, kind, and overall having a good reputation. First, Macbeth had a good reputation. The idea spoken consisted of Macbeth to be a â€Å"valiant cousin, worthy gentleman† (Act 1, Scene 2, Line 1) by Duncan, the king. This means King Duncan is admiring Macbeth for his remarkable struggles in the war, by calling him ‘valiant cousin’ which indicates he is in close relationship with King Duncan. Also, by saying he is a worthy gentlemen, Duncan is saying he is an honourable fighter. Second, Macbeth is a very loyal man. â€Å"Till he faced the slave; which ne’er shook hands, nor bade him farewell to him, till he unseamed him from the nave to th’ chops, and fixed his head upon our battlements.† (Act 1, Scene 2, Line 9) This quotation explains just how loyal Macbeth was to King Duncan and his coun try. He put his life in danger to fight in the battle against the enemy Macdonwald. This was the last battle he fought after meeting the three witches. Last, Macbeth was a kind guy. For instance, he showed great love for his wife at the start of the play. When Macbeth wrote letters to Macbeth telling her how he was, what his new thoughts were, and explaining how much he loved her, he is being a kind and thoughtful man. From all his heroic titles at the beginning it shows Macbeth achieving the ‘understanding of a hero as a person noted or admired for their courage or outstanding achievements.’ (Illustrated Oxford Dictionary, Dorling Kindersley). Macbeth’s bravery, loyalty, and kindness  are absolutely what make Macbeth a heroic character. Macbeth is also a villain in the beginning of the tragedy. A villain is defined to be an evil person who goes by evil approaches to get what he needs. First, Macbeth determines he wants to be King of Scotland. He decided this when th e witches predicted that he would be Thane of Cawdor. If the witches never welcomed him King of Scotland at first, he never would have prediction about killing the king. His action directed him to keep shedding people’s blood, and was in blood too deep he couldn’t go back. Later in the play Macbeth says to Lady Macbeth, â€Å"I am in blood / Stepp’d in so far, that, should I wade no more, / Returning were as tedious as go o’er.† (Act 3, Scene 4)This statement paints the image of Macbeth bathing in a sea of blood, being so far that it is easier to carry on than to go back. Also, he grew more detached from his wife, Lady Macbeth, and made choices without her recognition. For example, when he started to kill innocent families such as the MacDuff family and didn’t tell Lady Macbeth. So then he became more cruel in his tactics to stay as the King of Scotland and the public define him as ‘This tyrant’ (V, iii) and ‘A dwarfish thief’ (V, ii), by his evil ways. Lastly, during the play, every time Macbeth attempts to attain his ambition, he constantly blocks his respectable qualities in favour of a more wicked approach. This ambition of his points him to develop a troublemaker later in the play, which leads to his downfall and concluding murder by Macduff. For instance, a major evil action Macbeth did was killing King Duncan just so he could become king and gain power. In the book Macbeth stated: â€Å"I am settled, and bend up Each corporal agent to this terrible feat. Away, and mock the time with fairest show: False face must hide what the false heart doth know.† (Act 1, Scene 7, Line 90, Pg. 61) What Macbeth is stating is that he is ready to kill King Duncan, and after he is done he will have to act upon his ‘false face’ and try not to have the guilt sink in from the truth in his heart. These evil ways proved Macbeth to be very cold hearted and a serial killer. There is no doubt that Macbeth was a villain by his greed, despair, and temptation. Last, Macbeth had a choice to be evil or be a hero. First, the witch’s prophecies gave him a choice to make. He could have listened to them or did what he thought was good, but instead he chose evil ways. When Macbeth tries to find the witches in a dark cave, he finds them, and then they show him three ghosts. The first spirit seems as an armed head that says, â€Å"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! beware Macduff; / Beware the thane of Fife.† The second spirit is a gory kid that tells Macbeth, â€Å"Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn / The power of man, for none born of woman / Shall harm Macbeth.† At last, the third apparition was another child with a crown on his head, telling Macbeth that he â€Å"Shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane Hill / Shall come against him.†(Act 4, Scene 1) This false self-assurance Macbeth was given was very significant so he could make his ultimate decision which ended in defeat. Macbeth had his wife’s thoughts too. Lady Macbeth convinced him to commit the murder when he questions the consequences to her. For Macbeth to be evil, he went with Lady Macbeth telling him he was too ‘un manly’ to kill Duncan and he should do it to become a man and not be a kid. The direct quotation that was used for Macbeth’s wife was â€Å"When you durst do it, then you were a man â€Å"(act 1, scene 7, line 4). Macbeth had a lot of decisions to choose the evil way or the hard way. He could have picked the heroic side which meant him still being thane of Caldor and Glamus, being treated nicely by Kind Duncan, and not feeling guilt by killing innocent people. Macbeth in the end, chose the wicked ways which sooner or later killed off his wife from her extreme guilt. This would not have happened if he had made accurate decisions. Unluckily, this is all triggered by miss treatment, being misled by his loved one, not seeing any enhancements he has made and non-existence love. In conclusion, MacBeth is a complicated character whose human nature means that he retains both good and evil qualities from the start of the play to the finish. He was heroic by being a strong person, a hero to Scotland, a Lord under the instruction of King Duncan, and having no reason to feel hopeless with where he is in life. Macbeth’s bravery, sense of right and wrong and his hesitant method of bad behaviour are as well-known as his evil ambition, cunning and cruelty. Macbeth cannot be argued as being purely  heroic or villainous; the difficulty of his character is proven by his vicious inner struggles and powered by his imaginings. It’s very tough to specify if Macbeth is evil or a hero, so from the thoughts everywhere what would you reflect? Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. New York: Washington Press, 1992 http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090322035719AA5KGEM http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~maggieoh/Macbeth/l_mac.htm http://www.shmoop.com/macbeth/violence-quotes.html http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=15195 http://www.aaazealots.com/NGB/macbeth.html http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070506222202AAJnJM1 http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100516110057AATYdkQ http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~maggieoh/Macbeth/index.html

Creating a Network Environment essays

Creating a Network Environment essays In building a network environment, it is a good practice to follow several important steps to achieve an efficient and easy to maintain network environment. The five most basic steps to follow when building a network are planning and design of a network, setting-up of a network, testing, implementation, and documentation of the network environment. Planning is a very critical and necessary stage, and must be the first phase to consider when building a network. A good network plan can prevent the existence of complex problems. Or, should a problem exist when the network is already functioning, it can help in the identification of possible solutions. From Community Resources Online, following are some important steps that may help you plan a network environment for a medium- 1. Determine the minimum and maximum possible number of users of the network. This helps in identifying the types of hardware and software that must be implemented on the network. 2. Determine the most suitable type of network connection (Client/Server, 3. Will the users need a connection to the Internet or to other networks' If so, for data and security protection of the network, determine the 4. Determine the most suitable operating system for the network (such as Windows NT or UNIX). Remember that some hardware and software are not compatible with some operating system. In this method, it is also important to first know what hardware and software peripherals the 5. Determine the level of expertise or technical resources that are readily available to the business should a network problem exist. Knowing this factor helps in identifying the possible solutions that can be applied either temporarily or permanently for a quick resolution of network problems. ...

Battle of Badajoz - Peninsular War

Battle of Badajoz - Peninsular War Battle of Badajoz - Conflict: The Battle of Badajoz was fought from March 16 to April 6, 1812 as part of the Peninsular War, which was in turn part of the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). Armies Commanders: British Earl of Wellington25,000 men French Major General Armand Philippon4,742 men Battle of Badajoz - Background: Following his victories at Almeida and Ciudad Rodrigo, the Earl of Wellington moved south towards Badajoz with the goal of securing the Spanish-Portuguese frontier and improving his lines of communication with his base at Lisbon. Arriving at the city on March 16, 1812, Wellington found it held by 5,000 French troops under the command of Major General Armand Philippon. Long aware of Wellingtons approach, Philippon had significantly improved the Badajozs defenses and had laid in large supplies of provisions. Battle of Badajoz - The Siege Begins: Outnumbering the French nearly 5-to-1, Wellington invested the city and began construction of siege trenches. As his troops pushed their earthworks towards Badajozs walls, Wellington brought up his heavy guns and howitzers. Knowing that it was only a matter of time until the British reached and breached the citys walls, Philippons men launched several sorties in an attempt to destroy the siege trenches. These were repeatedly beaten back by British riflemen and infantry. On March 25, General Thomas Pictons 3rd Division stormed and captured an outer bastion know as the Picurina. The capture of the Picurina allowed Wellingtons men to expand their siege works as his guns pounded away at the walls. By March 30, breaching batteries were in place and over the next week three openings were made in the citys defenses. On March 6, rumors began to arrive in the British camp that Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult was marching to relieve the beleaguered garrison. Wishing to take the city before reinforcements could arrive, Wellington ordered the assault to commence at 10:00 PM that night. Moving into position near the breaches, the British waited for the signal to attack. Battle of Badajoz - The British Assault: Wellingtons plan called for the main assault to be made by the 4th Division and Craufurds Light Division, with supporting attacks from the Portuguese and British soldiers of the 3rd and 5th Divisions. As the 3rd Division moved into place, it was spotted by a French sentry who raised the alarm. With the British moving to attack, the French rushed to the walls and unleashed a barrage of musket and cannon fire into the breaches inflicting heavy casualties. As the gaps in the walls filled with British dead and wounded, they became increasingly impassable. Despite this, the British kept swarming forward pressing the attack. In the first two hours of fighting, they suffered around 2,000 casualties at the main breach alone. Elsewhere, the secondary attacks were meeting a similar fate. With his forces halted, Wellington debated calling off the assault and ordering his men to fall back. Before the decision could be made, news reached his headquarters that Pictons 3rd Division had secured a foothold on the city walls. Connecting with the 5th Division which had also managed to scale the walls, Pictons men began pushing into the city. With his defenses broken, Philippon realized that it was only a matter of time before British numbers destroyed his garrison. As the redcoats poured into Badajoz, the French conducted a fighting retreat and took refuge in Fort San Christoval just north of the city. Understanding that his situation was hopeless, Philippon surrendered the following morning. In the city, British troops went wild looting and committed a wide array of atrocities. It took nearly 72 hours for order to be completely restored. Battle of Badajoz - Aftermath: The Battle of Badajoz cost Wellington 4,800 killed and wounded, 3,500 of which were incurred during the assault. Philippon lost 1,500 dead and wounded as well as the remainder of his command as prisoners. Upon seeing the piles of British dead in the trenches and breaches, Wellington wept for the loss of his men. The victory at Badajoz secured the border between Portugal and Spain and allowed Wellington to begin advancing against the forces of Marshal Auguste Marmont in Salamanca.

The Role of Nutrition in Health Deviations Essay

The Role of Nutrition in Health Deviations - Essay Example Diabetes can be described as a cluster of metabolic ailments in which an individual depicts high blood glucose due to inadequate insulin production or failure by body cells to respond accordingly to insulin. According to Bangle (2006), Patients suffering from diabetes are advised to eat foods with low carbohydrates levels and minimal calorie. In addition, the patients should engage numerous physical exercises to enhance weight loss, especially for the people with overweight. In addition, eating foods rich in fiber and those containing whole grains is an important prevention and management strategy for diabetes. In essence, losing weight and maintaining it at the recommended level ensures efficient insulin intake in the body and thereby reducing the incidences of suffering from diabetes. Hypertension is a chronic health disorder which entails blood pressure in the arteries being raised beyond the normal level. One can suffer from hypertension/ high blood pressure for many years without showing any notable symptoms. However, the disease can be easily recognized and treated once assessed by medical professionals. Doctors and the entire body of health professionals have comprehensively researched on the disease and devised various nutritional guidelines to quell the situation. These guidelines include avoidance of too much sodium salt. In fact, research has shown that less sodium intake facilitates efficient hypertension control. However, nutrients such as magnesium and fiber are preferred for blood pleasure control. Nadar & Lip (2009) states that, it is important to take enough fruits and vegetables since they are rich in magnesium and fiber. Gout is an ailment associated with unusual metabolism of uric acid in the body. People suffering from gout either have excessive production of uric acid or their body mechanisms have challenges in removing it. The dietary guideline for gout provides that it is important to ensure low-purine

International relation policies and climate change Research Paper

International relation policies and climate change - Research Paper Example The paper "International relation policies and climate change" concerns international relation policies and climate change. The department further warned that the situation is likely to worsen in the years to come, if not attended to immediately. The figures also show a decline in the level of emissions in developed economies such as United States and Russia. This decline apparently is a reflection of economic weakness, environmental consciousness (e.g. use of renewable power sources), and transfer of manufacturing industries to developing countries. Unfortunately, the decline in the industrial emissions from the advanced economies significantly falls below the increasing rate of emissions in the developing countries, which care less for their contribution to the global warming. Low-income countries whose low-income population heavily depends on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal increasingly pollutes the environment. Emissions from low-income countries alone accounts for about 80% of the greenhouse gases. Since 1945, the United Nations has been on the fore-front fighting for the restoration and conservation of the global environment. The UN has organized for a number of conferences focusing on climate change. The fifteenth conference was held in December 2009 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Like the earlier conferences, the 15th Climate Change Conference failed to produce desirable, legally binding and equitable agreements. Though the conference discussed ways of reducing ambitious emissions., technological advancements to the problem, and methods of financing the policies, it was in vain. In the end, The Copenhagen Accord was neither a comprehensive framework which demands effective, responsible participation from all the leading stakeholders (governments, financial institutions, and the civil society groups) nor was it a collective effort aimed at combating climate crisis in a more integrated manner. The CoP15 (The 15th Conference of the Parties) to the United Nati ons Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was therefore described as a failed policy as no binding agreement was arrived at. The aim objective of the conference was to discuss and propose polices which would be essential in keeping the average world temperature rise slightly below 2oC. Partisanship and self-interest resulted into two groups of the UNFCCC: Annex I and Non-Annex I countries which represented different interests. Annex I was composed of the 40 industrialized and transitional countries non-Annex I countries was made up of developing economies (Mazo 245). As claimed by members of the non-Annex I, a twenty six â€Å"representative group of leaders† from Annex I developed the Accord in their favor through un-transparent, restrictive, and top-down had developed the policies aimed at conserving the environment with little consideration to the minor countries. The â€Å"bottom-up pledge and review† approach to reducing global emission as described in t he Accord was perceived as unpractical and unfair mechanism of reducing reaching the desired goal of less than 2 percent annual increase in global temperature. So far, the ledges made under the Accord falls short of the delegates and representative call of ‘ambitious’

Child health issue and its effect on the child and family (Autism) Essay

Child health issue and its effect on the child and family (Autism) - Essay Example The paper â€Å"Child health issue and its effect on the child and family (Autism)† discusses the importance of the relationships of an autistic child and parents. Currently, Autism affects about one in every100 children. In UK, about 100,000 children have been diagnosed with Autism, with close to half a million families directly affected by this condition. Though, the number of children having a Statement of Special Educational Needs remains to be 2.8%, the number of children whose statement point autism as a primary need has gone up by 5% since 2011. Indeed, very recent diagnosis rates have pointed out that close to four times as many boys as the girls have autism. Research has revealed that, divorce rate of parents of children diagnosed with autism is 60% higher than the average. In a UK study of families having autism it was established that one in every three were single parents. Notably, only 11% of the carers who have children diagnosed with autism work full time where about 70% have reported of the lack of appropriate care facilities which causes them to fail to work. As such, the understanding that autism is drastically on the rise being coupled with difficulties arising from the care of an autistic child has fueled the recent calls for a cure to this condition. Since autism was identified in the UK, efforts to cure it have been underway. Indeed, the search for cure has often been brought into the limelight by the media, with the frequent question being that if cancer can be cured then why not autism. More importantly, if a cure for autism is to be found, then it is through creation and maintenance of programs and policies, that acknowledge the challenges of autism, having build it on autistic individuals' abilities, and further make it possible for those in the line of the spectrum to live fully in the community and the larger world (Clements and Zarkowska, 2000). By and large, the children Act Amendments on the proposed 1989 children Act of ar e in place to provide a more shared parenting. Section I 2A points it out that the parent could be involved in a child’s life in a manner that does not risk or expose a child to harm (Department for Education and Skills, 2004). Additionally, that if there is evidence on negative involvement of apparent on the child then the initial provisions will reconsider. Indeed the purpose of the amendments is to reinforce a Childs importance on relationships with the parents even in situation of divorce where the child interests will be considered first (Mitchell, 2012). However, other critics point it out the legislation may only put a child in greater emotional torture when the right ownership is contested in a court of law (Laming, 2009). The school policy statements points it out that, children with special needs may be admitted to specialist schools and further proceed to different levels in the mainstream education or the special schools in the local authority. Notably, schools wi ll implement the policies on the behavioral support as well as bullying education sexual harassment and general safe guarding. As such, school role is inclusive of the provision of academic education as well as educate children on the social practical and communication skills (Merrell, 2007). Last but not least, proper student to staff ratio is to be maintained. Parents and the community have been encouraged to work collaboratively

Green Marketing And Ethical Consumerism Marketing Essay

Green Marketing And Ethical Consumerism Marketing Essay Green marketing refers to the process of selling products and/or services based on their environmental benefits. Such a product or service may be environmentally friendly in itself or produced and/or packaged in an environmentally friendly way. It takes advantage of customers willingness to purchase, and sometimes pay a premium for products that provide private benefits as well as public environmental benefits. This market place is predicted to grow by $845 billion by 2015, categories within the green market place are ; sustainable economy (green buildings), healthy life style, ecological life style(eco tourism). Top reasons why green consumers consume these green products are; to ensure a safer environment, protect and conserve natural resources, consistency with moral, ethics and personal beliefs. Green marketing targets such customers under the assumption that they will pay a premium for environmentally-preferable, or green, electricity products, and the development of this customer driven market has been heralded by some as offering significant, new, market-based opportunities for renewables. (Nakarado, 1996). In the marketing literature, there is a growing consensus that the green market is significant and that companies can profit by improving environmental performance and developing green products. But not all green products are successful in garnering customer interest, and customer surveys of attitudes toward, and even intended purchase of, green products often substantially overestimate actual product demand (Kempton, 1993). Ethical consumerism has to do with the purchase of products and services that consumers view as ethical, this consumption of such goods and services is intentional as most consumers are interested in purchasing goods that has an ethical brand, and one of the definition of what makes an ethical brand to a consumer are products of companies that promotes the environment. Ethical consumerism by some people is seen as a way of life An increasing number of people have begun to realize that it is often possible to do far less damage to the environment simply by taking more care over what goes into the shopping basket. This can be related to ethical consumerism, which includes buying foods produced under environmentally sustainable methods , buying coffee and other goods procured via fair-trade arrangements; boycotting companies that use sweatshop labor; favoring products with low carbon emissions (hybrid vehicles, Energy Star appliances); recycling diligently; shunning products with wasteful attributes (bottled water); buying animal products only from suppliers that use humane husbandry methods (cage-free eggs). Recent studies consistently report that a large number of residential customers (40-70%) express a willingness to pay a 5-15% premium for green products (Farhar and Houston, 1996). While this is the case, some consumers also find these green goods too expensive and these producers actually claim that the extra prices reflect the extra cost involved, but refuse to discuss their profits margins. The rapidly growing body of literature on consumer willingness-to-pay for products associated with more sustainable resource exploitation sends out a pessimistic message regarding the market potential for green (kempen et al, 2009), In a scenario like in the third world countries, most people are not willing to pay an extra premium to purchase green / ethical products. Different studies on developing countries concerning green consumerism have also showed that people in developing countries have a negative willingness to pay for green products, for example; Bonsu and Zwick (2007) concluded that Ghanaian consumers exhibit lower levels of ethics compared with Western counterparts, which suggests that ethical markets are not very likely to prosper in this country. Goswami (2008) found that only a small segment of consumers- wealthier liberal professionals-is positively motivated to preferentially buy eco-labelled clothing in India, supporting the proposition that only few (richer) consumers in developing countries may be ready to pay a premium for green products. Nonetheless, Mohamed and Ibrahim (2007) found that 32% of their sample of Malaysian consumers would be willing to pay a premium for environmentally certified wood products and that the average premium for this subgroup would amount to a sizeable 14.4%. The assumption underlying these conclusions is that consumers from developing countries cannot afford to care about the ethical profile of their consumption; specifically they are just too poor to be green. They are some factors that affect ethical consumption and they include income; goods that are environmental friendly are more costly than regular goods, so the propensity to consume these goods will rise with income. Conversely, ethical consumption practices that are intensive in time rather than money (e.g. recycling and reusing materials, commuting via public transportation) may tend to decline with income, (Starr, 2009 p.918). 2. Age: Younger people are generally more involved in the participation of the environmental friendly world, because having been educated more recently, there is a high possibility that they may have a better grasp of problems related to the environment and global warming than older people, so that the value they attach to consuming ethically would be higher than that of the old people. 3. Income: Controlling for income and other factors, education could be expected to raise the likelihood that a person consumes ethically, due to the advantages in acquiring and processing information on social, ethical and environmental issues that it confers, thereby lowering its extra costs over regular consumption. (Starr, 2009 p.918). But everything boils down to the income of the individual, because they may be aware of the benefits of purchasing these products to the environment but have inadequate income to purchase these goods. Social Norms: People are more likely to consume ethically when they live in an area in which it is relatively common, this shows the influence of the immediate environment in ethical consumption. Starr found a positive relationship between these factors listed above and buying ethically, first, buying ethically is positively associated with education, consistent with education conferring efficiency advantages in acquiring and processing information about social, ethical and environmental implications of individual consumption decisions, Second, buying ethically is also positively affected by income, consistent with its extra costs being less prohibitive for those with less binding budget constraints. (Starr, 2009 p.924) The bandwagon effect associated with ethical consumerism is a very missed blessing (Irvine, p.3), and there is a risk of consumers being seriously manipulated in ways like , some companies are more interested in cleaning up their image rather than their act, also some unscrupulous businesses are only interested to rip off a green consumer through unreasonable high prices on environmental- friendly products, another issue is the middle man who is standing between the producers and the would be green consumer is the advertising industry, these advertising industries exploit these green consumers, most of the adverts about environmental products are deliberately misleading and some others are false, governments are not even helping matters by providing necessary information in order for consumers to make appropriate choices, words such as natural, real, environmental friendly have become thoroughly polluted through misuse, all in the aim to increase the sale of a particular product, the reby misleading the consumers to think they are buying these products in order to protect their environment. They are factors that have resulted in green marketing, and they include; first environmental law: It draws from and is influenced by principles of environmentalism, including ecology, conservation, stewardship, responsibility and sustainability. Most governments favour incentives to favor economic incentives to encourage o=consumers and industries to behave in ways that do little harm to the environment. Most of these enviromental laws requite theses comanies to protect their enviorments, so these leads to green marketing opprtunities. Second, damage on the environment and its awareness through the media: individuals seek to want to protect the environment, and they are very sensitive to the issues of the environment, like the damage of the ozone layer of the earth, global warming, acid rain and reaching the limits of sand fills, and with the help of the media reports of these natural disasters are made known to the general public, freilich, (1989 p.45), found out that events and th reats influence consumers behaviors. Hardly a day passes without a mention of issues that has to do with environmental damage and a study in the United Kingdom found that the wood green was used 3617 times in some newspapers and five years later, it was mentioned 30,777 times (Smith, 1990, p. 77) this shows more than 60% increment and this was 20 years ago, probably it will be mentioned more than 100,000 times now. Thirdly, public opinion and Social concern for the environment: Public opinion in both Europe and the United States of America, as influenced by environmental damage, media coverage, has led to actions to protect the environment (Gazda and Lampe, 1995. Pp.298). public opinion concerning the environments shows an increasing support and need to clean up the environment. Fourthly, the need for greening of businesses: due to public concerns of the environment, these concerns have led to potent forced for the environment for the environment including green consumerism( the use of individual consumer preference to promote less environmentally damaging products and services) and green political power( environmental political party, for example, the United kingdom greens party, Australian greens party and the, Germany green party), these forces and pressures from investors, governments, consumers has been major catalyst for the greening of the business, it has also put pressures on retailers (particularly supermarkets) to meet the growing demand for environmentally friendly products. In the world now, socially responsible investing is a growing trend; most individual and investors will avoid companies with poor environmental criteria, a study by commissioned by the Michael peters group found that 77% of Americans said a companys environmental reputation affects what they buy (Kirkpatrick, 1990, p45). Because of this most companies have taken up environmental cause, like recycling, innovations of new technologies for environmental protection. All these issues has led to green marketing in one way or the other , either collectively or individually. conclusion The obvious assumption of green marketing is that potential consumers will view a product or services greenness as a benefit and base their buying decision accordingly. The not-so-obvious assumption of green marketing is that consumers will be willing to pay more for green products than they would for a less-green comparable alternative product an assumption that, in my opinion, has not been proven conclusively. Green marketing has not lived up to the hopes and dreams of many managers and activists. Although public opinion polls consistently show that consumers would prefer to choose a green product over one that is less friendly to the environment when all other things are equal, those other things are rarely equal in the minds of consumers. How then, should companies handle the dilemmas associated with green marketing? They must always keep in mind that consumers are unlikely to compromise on traditional product attributes, such as convenience, availability, price, quality and performance. Its even more important to realize, however, that there is no single green-marketing strategy that is right for every company. It is suggested that companies should follow one of four strategies, depending on market and competitive conditions, from the relatively passive and silent lean green approach to the more aggressive and visible extreme green approach with defensive green and shaded green in betw een. Managers who understand these strategies and the underlying reasoning behind them will be better prepared to help their companies benefit from an environmentally friendly approach to marketing.

Metamorphosis of Celie in Alice Walkers Color Purple Essay -- Color P

The Metamorphosis of Celie in The Color Purple  Ã‚   For people to be equal they need a chance to become equal by self-discovering themselves. As we are growing older during our childhood we depend on our environment, parents, and peers to create our self-image. Within our environment we are always trying to develop new insights in order to identify, clarify, connect and account for our beliefs. Even the underlying cause of dysfunctional relationships lies in crucial events in our life experience. The environment in which one is raised and developed will have a large affect on the individual. Most of the people that succeed in life come from stable families, in well positioned environments. While those that are not fortunate enough often don't have the opportunities to rise to the top or even get a chance to self-discover themselves. Self-discovery is important because it is intended to increase an individual's self-awareness, and help them to identify their own beliefs, skills, potentials, and talents. But when an individual is forced or destined to grow up in an atmosphere in which there doesn't exist a stable and firm family or environment, it will generally be hard for the individual to self-discover himself and succeeded in life. These kinds of individuals that grow up under these circumstances mainly suffer from depressions, sadness, and most importantly from low self-esteem. They suffer from low self-esteem because they were raised in low standard environments. Their personalities are excessively sensitive to social rejection, humiliation, and shame. One of the greatest literary examples of this situation is Celie, the main character in the book The Color Purple by Alice Walker. "Devoid of any and all respect, Celie, a p... ...as reborn as a different person. A person who not only had the courage to tell Albert off, but someone who left her husband to go with Shug to Memphis to start a pant factory, with two girls working under her. The book is truly a book about self-discovery and learning to love. Celie's path is an expression of all people's quest for themselves. The novel is the story of a timid woman finding herself. She did so with the love and support of the women in the novel who understood and loved her, under a safe and secure environment. Without this untraditional love a Celie would have lived her life shadowed by fear and pain. Celie's journey through her mind, in an effort to discover her true self, is where the true greatness of this book lies. Work Cited Klosowski, John E. "The Color Purple and Its True Color." Houston Cronicle. December 14, 1995 : 42-44.

The Importance Of Motivation In The Language Classroom Education Essay

Motivation is one of the biggest thrusts of larning a 2nd linguistic communication and it is a cardinal portion of what a instructor faces every twenty-four hours. The English course of study for primary and secondary school clearly states that it is a instructor ‘s duty to heighten and excite each and every pupil ‘s will to larn and to turn. ‘Being able to promote pupils and derive support from co-workers and parents is an built-in portion of the function of MFL instructors. ‘ ( Teaching Agency, 2012 ) The MFL topic has n't played such an of import function in the National Curriculum in the yesteryear that might be due that taking a linguistic communication as a GCSE topic is and was non mandatory. What is the EBC? ‘The EBacc was introduced as a public presentation step in the 2010 public presentation tabular arraies. The step recognises where students have secured a ‘C ‘ class or better in GCSEs or accredited international GCSEs ( iGCSEs ) across a nucleus of topics – English, mathematics, two scientific disciplines, history or geographics and a linguistic communication ( including Modern Foreign Languages ( MFL ) or ancient linguistic communications ) . ‘ ( Sam Clemens, 2011 ) However, surveies found that with the debut of the new English Baccalaureate Certificates ( EBCs ) pupils ‘ motive to larn a linguistic communication could alter. It seems to me that at the students do non see the intent for larning a linguistic communication as the general premise is â€Å" every one speaks English † ‘For many in the UK, English is their first and lone linguistic communication. On evidences of functionality, why would they desire to acquire their caputs around the grammar, vocabulary and literature of aliens? They comfort themselves with the belief that â€Å" everyone speaks English † – when that ‘s non true of 75 % of the universe ‘s population. ‘ ( The Observer, Sunday 26 June 2011 ) This paper will research motive in the secondary school category room with the focal point specifically on larning a 2nd linguistic communication, L2. First I will research what is meant by Motivation, I believe it is utterly of import that the reader understand what is meant with the term motive as this term is examined throughout this research paper. The 2nd portion of the essay will analyse motivational factors and motivational jobs. It will look at what motivates human existences and what does non actuate them. This is valuable as it is portion of a instructor ‘s tool box if he/she wants to act upon their pupils ‘ motive. In decision this essay will look at motivational schemes a instructor can use to act upon pupils ‘ motive.What is meant with the term Motivation?To reply the inquiry of what is motive 1 has to detect that the squad is really various. The Latin verb â€Å" motivus † , a signifier of movere which means to travel and as a consequence is rel ated to the importance of motive. Generally Motivation is described as end orientated behavior. A definition of the word motive might be â€Å" factors within a human being or other animate being that arouse and direct goal-oriented behavior † ( britannica.com, Motivation ) . Gardner and Masgoret put forward that Motivation refers to ‘goal-directed behavior ( californium, Heckhausen, 1991 ) , and when one is trying to mensurate motive, attending, can be directed toward a Numberss of characteristics of the person. ‘ ( Gardner and Masgoret, 2003 ) A broad scope of literature has been written on that subject and there are many different thoughts out at that place on what Motivates people and pupils ‘ . Every homo being has different committedness demands. Those need differ from single to single as everybody has their single desires to actuate themselves. Depending on how motivated we are, it can find the attempt we put into our work and hence increase the criterion of the productiveness. Motivation has been contemplated as one of the most of import constituents lending to linguistic communication larning success. Research over the last decennaries has over and over once more underlined the of import place of motive in successful linguistic communication acquisition. ( Gardner & A ; Lambert, Deci and Ryan, Ushioda, Dornyei ) . Two of the taking theories covering with 2nd linguistic communication acquisition were proposed by Stephen Krashen and J.H. Schumann. Krashen ‘s thought was that linguistic communication acquisition is a subconscious and natural procedure during which the scholar improves with real-life pattern. â€Å" Grammar-translation violates about every constituent of the Input Hypothesis, and it is hence predicted that this method will hold the consequence of seting the pupil â€Å" on the defensive † ( Stephen D Krashen, P 129, 1982 ) While Schumann ‘s socialization theoretical account high spots an integration of the scholars ‘ mark linguistic communication, civilization and community. Harmonizing to Schumann the scholar regards the TL talkers as a mention group whose life manner and values he consciously or unconsciously desires to follow. ( Schumann, P 340, 1986 ) Both theories can be applied in the schoolroom for a positive consequence.What does Motivation intend for the linguistic communication schoolroom?I believe it is highly of import to understand how motive works in the schoolroom. There are endless processs instructors use to carry through coveted effects from their pupils, but there are overall forms these motivational tools follow. In ordination for instructors to convey with their pupils, they must place with their demands on an idiosyncratic footing. This purpose is matching to Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs, which states basic demands must be met to obtain rich motive. These demands, in go uping order, are as follows: Physiological Needs, Safety and Security Needs, Love and Belongingness Needs, Self-Worth and Self-Esteem Needs, the Need to Know and Understand, Aesthetic Needs, the Need for Self-Actualization ( D. Martin and K. Joomis, Constructing Teachers: A Constructivist Approach to Introducing Education, pp. 72-75.1997 ) . The most of import point about Maslow theory is for pupils to hold a educational end and that acquisition is taking topographic point. Another of import factor is to do this freshly gained cognition and information purposeful every bit good as meaningful to pupils so that it may be retained. Besides pupils should see the intent for retaining the cognition and how they could utilize it throughout their lives. An indispensable factor involved in run intoing these ends is motive. If the pupils are unmotivated in one manner or another, it is likely that barely any acquisition will take topographic point or it is really likely that cognition will non be retained. This theory had a great impact on educational constructions. In his ulterior old ages, Maslow realised that an environmental stipulation of stimulation, or challenge, was needed to actuate persons. Maslow ‘s first demand of physiological satisfactoriness is really basic. This inquiry merely asks if pupils are in a comfy and safe environing for their acquisition. In apparent English, are pupils hungry, excessively cold, excessively hot and is the environment exciting to larn in? If a pupil ‘s physical surrounding does non fit decently with the pupil ‘s demand, he/she will non be encouraged to larn or to make any higher demand. Similarly, if pupils do non experience safe ( via the 2nd demand, security ) , they will non be able to concentrate larning something. Consistent outlooks and the accepting and non-judgmental attitude of the instructors can besides bring forth pupils who feel secured and confident in their instructors. On the juncture that a pupil feels threatened by another pupil or by the instructor, he/she may non come on every bit good as hoped. Furthermore in many instances, he/she reverts from the instruction instead than reacting to it. In order to decrease feelings of menace, a instructor can attest feelings of protection and love, which is the 3rd hierarchical demand. The demand for the sense of love and belonging in pupils are of import either in the teacher-student relationships or in the student-student relationships. A instructor ‘s personality should be empathic, considerate and interested in the persons, patient, carnival, holding positive attitude and being good hearer. Teachers who have these features will supply the pupils with more assurance and accordingly students will be able to larn and better better in their surveies. With respect to the pupil to student relationships instructors should promote peer tutoring or category meetings. By holding good relationships with instructors and equals, pupils will hold fulfilled their demand to belong, and besides have the feeling of being cared and loved. In Maslow ‘s 4th demand, respect, a instructor must be careful non to overload on both unfavorable judgment and congratulations. Students must experience as if they deserve congratulations in order for them to absorb difficult work with congratulations. Teachers besides should non bury that unfavorable judgment, even when applied right, can damage students ‘ feelings and can make a deficiency of motive. Students must experience the demand of self-respect and to be respected by the others. Teachers should get down develop new cognition based on the background cognition, they besides have to assist to guarantee success ( scaffolding ) and to gait instructions to suit single demands. Teachers should besides concentrate on the person ‘s strengths and assets when be aftering lessons and transporting them out. To fulfill the following demand of understanding and cognition, the instructors should let the pupils ‘ clip to research countries of wonder and to supply lessons that are intellectually disputing. By utilizing the find attack subjects, the pupils can larn to be independent and larn from assorted angles. By acquiring involved intellectually, the pupils can fulfill their demand to carry through their demand to research, discover and work out new things. Teachers must besides be careful to asseverate authorization ; nevertheless, they must besides esteem pupils for their attempts. The demand for aesthetic is besides really of import for the pupils. By forming schoolroom stuffs in a neat and appealing manner, the pupils will be attracted to larn about the things related to the stuffs. Pleasing, good maintained and fresh smelling schoolrooms with attractive wall hangings can make stableness in the pupils who will experience comfy to analyze in such surrounding. The highest demand in the Maslow ‘s hierarchy of demands is the demand for self realization. Teachers anticipating the pupils to make their best will force the pupils to use their ain potency and at the same clip to fulfill their ain demand of self fulfillment. By giving the pupils freedom to research and detect on their ain, the instructors are able to do larning more meaningful for the pupils A pupil who fails to accomplish any of the old four demands may non be motivated to go on in the academic scene because of the intensions of defeat and misgivings in the instruction system. While Maslow ‘s hierarchy makes sense from a sociology point of position, there are defects in his theory. When Maslow undertook his research he did n't take 3rd universe states in consideration. There frequently safety is non given or their might non even experience comfy with in their environment, nevertheless, acquisition is still taking topographic point, as pupils are motivated by other factors. Thus might be hope of a better life, being cognizant that geting a 2nd linguistic communication will let them to go forth their milieus one twenty-four hours. Even in the UK as informant and my first school arrangement the first basic demand of Physiological Need was non fulfilled. Their some pupils came to school without holding had breakfast in the forenoon. The environment they had to larn in was non in my point of you educational exciting as Windowss could be closed or opened. Therefore, frequently pupils were to hot or excessively cold. However and this is of import to indicate out larning took topographic point. Therefore, the inquiry arouses why is that so if the first demand was n't f ulfilled why did n't pupils make a higher degree anyhow? As mentioned before a broad scope of literature has been written on Motivation and there are many different thoughts out at that place on what Motivates pupils ‘ . Every pupil has different demands. Those need differ from single to single as everybody has their single desires to actuate themselves. Gardner and Lambert ( 1959, 1972 ) have done radical work to look at the nature of motive specifically to linguistic communication surveies. Gardner high spots in a paper from 2007 ‘that Motivation to larn a 2nd linguistic communication is non a simple concept. It can non be measured by one graduated table ; possibly the whole scope of motive can non be assessed by even three or four graduated tables. It decidedly can non be assessed by simply inquiring persons to give grounds for why they think larning a linguistic communication is of import to them. ‘ ( Gardner, 2007 ) In 1982 Gardner and Lambert ( 1972:3 ) defined two different types of motive: 1 ) A Instrumental motive: the desire to larn a linguistic communication because it would carry through certain useful ends, such as acquiring aA occupation, go throughing an scrutiny, etc. 2 ) A Integrative motive: Gardner ‘s position is based on that the ‘ integratively motivated pupil is one who is motivated to larn the 2nd linguistic communication, has an openness to designation with the other linguistic communication community, and has a favourable attitude towards the acquisition state of affairs. ‘ ( Gardner and Masgoret, 2003 ) Differentiations have been made in the literature between ‘integrative † and ‘instrumental ‘ motive. However, Penny suggests ( 2005:276 ) that, research since so has cast uncertainty on the application of this claim to foreign linguistic communication scholars in general.A In any instance, at least one other survey has indicated that it may be impossible in pattern to separate between the two. An alternate differentiation, perchance more utile for instructors, is that between ‘intrinsic ‘ motive ( the impulse to prosecute in the acquisition activity for its ain interest ) and ‘extrinsic ‘ ( motive that is derived from external inducements ) . A Human existences in general are so different from each other. This does n't merely use to people but to pupils besides. Different pupils get motivated by different factors, therefore might be motivated per se or extrinsically. Up to a certain age pupils tend to acquire motivated by the possibility of having a dainty. Those dainty could be in the signifier of Sweets or more often used as witnessed by myself merit spines. When I was a kid within the German instruction system we would have small casts in the signifier of bees in the dorsum of our prep journal. We besides received classs from the first twelvemonth ahead. This besides was extremely actuating. Even so it merely extrinsically motivated us as pupils until we saw the intent of acquisition and our motive changed into intrinsic motive. We both types of motive I can see flaws. What happens if no wages system is introduces with in the schoolroom environment through classs, Sweets or virtues spines will larn still take topographic point? And on the other manus how do you actuate a kid to prosecute in larning for its ain interest? Captured within extrinsic and intrinsic motive are the thoughts of positive and negative support. These incentives are normally used in schoolrooms in order to arouse a desire to accomplish in pupils. Positive support is a manner of adding a enjoyable experience to a pupils head in order to prosecute that student. Praise is a common signifier of this ; a instructor who decently utilizes congratulations commends the student for his or her peculiar piece of work, non personal qualities that make the work particular. However, a instructor must be every bit sensitive to different civilizations as to the bulk civilization. Hitz and Driscoll ( 1989 ) point out that pupils from different socioeconomic categories, ability degrees, and genders may non react in the same manner to praise and may do pupils experience less worthy if they do non invariably receive congratulations. Self-government Theory Deci and Ryan ( 1985 ) introduced self-government theory and claimed that motive has three orientations viz. amotivation, extrinsic, and intrinsic. Amotivation takes topographic point when pupils do non value the activity that they are making, do non experience competent, and do non believe that the activity will profit them or take to a desired result ( Deci & A ; Ryan, 2000 ) . Extrinsic and intrinsic orientations are distinguished by whether the wages received is external such as having good classs or avoiding penalty, or internal, such as enjoyment and satisfaction in making a certain activity ( Dornyei, 1994 ) . When pupils are motivated because of a wages or effects that they will have for making or non making an activity, they are said to be extrinsically motivated. Deci and Ryan ( 2000 ) put extrinsic motive into four ordinances harmonizing to their degree of orientation toward self-government. External ordinance is the least self-determined extrinsic motive. Students who are externally regulated are those who do an activity due to an external wages or other considerations. The following degree is introjected ordinance. Students in this degree of extrinsic motive do non bask making an activity but they have a system of wages and penalty that is internally governed. The 3rd degree is identified ordinance where pupils are more self-determined. Students in this degree are engaged in an activity because they perceived that the activity is valuable to them. Finally, the most self-determined of extrinsic motive is integrated ordinance. This ordinance is performed by pupils who do non merely make the activity because the societal value says it is of value to them, but they do it because they themselves value the activity. This orientation resembles Do rnyeiaˆYs ideal ego ( 2005 ) in that all the properties that one would wish to possess can work as a really powerful incentive. It is besides really similar to intrinsic motive, yet at this phase pupils do non needfully bask making the undertakings. In some state of affairss, nevertheless, congratulations is non appropriate to supervise and modify pupils? behaviors. In general, behavior and attitude are highly of import aspects in the kingdom of motive, and instructors must be cognizant of agencies to halt behavior that is harmful to his, or other pupils larning. In some instances, the usage of negative support is appropriate. The construct of negative support is hard to learn and larn because the word negative confuses the significance, but the construct refers to beef up [ ing ] a behavior because a negative status is stopped or avoided as a effect of the behaviour. ? ( Levine, 1999 ) . In the schoolroom, this would be warning a pupil to halt a riotous behavior, such as researching inappropriate web sites on the Internet. Rather than utilize a wages to corrupt pupils to remain on undertaking, instructors can take away a positive force to take away the negative action. Many pupils are motivated by the chance of delighting the instructor, hence avoiding negative support, which can be abashing to a pupil. These general forms of motive are utile in the schoolroom, but instructors must besides be cognizant of a altering society in order to provide to pupils demands. In today ‘s universe where 10 twelvemonth olds can easy pull strings through the cyberspace, instructors must he trained in ways to use engineering in a schoolroom scene Autonomy Ushioda ( 2001 ) claimed that liberty is the demand to experience volitional. It is the province in which pupils perceive themselves as holding some picks in making a certain undertaking including a pick non to make the undertaking. Autonomy is one of the metacognitive elements that are needed in motivational behavior when acquisition. It is an attitude towards larning where pupils are responsible for their ain acquisition. It has been closely tied with the fulfillment of one ‘s demands that creates intrinsic motive ( Deci & A ; Ryan, 1985 ) . Dickinson ( 1995 ) argued that it leads to a better and more effectual accomplishment. Dornyei and Csizer ( 1998 ) listed advancing studentsaˆY liberty as one of the Ten Commandment that instructors have to maintain in head in heightening studentsaˆY motive. Motivational Schemes Last, Dornyei and Csizer ( 1998:215 ) performed an extended study where they investigated how 200 Magyar instructors of English worked with actuating their pupils during category. They came up with 10 of the most used schemes and these can be seen as a concise overview of what has antecedently been presented: 1. â€Å" Set a personal illustration with your ain behavior † . If the instructor acts as he/she would desire the pupils to move, the opportunities are greater that they really will so by demoing that the topic is merriment, interesting and of import this attitude might be transmitted to the pupils. 2. â€Å" Create a pleasant, relaxed atmosphere in the schoolroom † . If the ambiance is pleasant, the pupils are more likely to hold the bravery to show themselves in a 2nd linguistic communication, something which can frequently experience intimidating for many. 3. â€Å" Present the undertakings decently † If the undertakings are presented decently the pupils are less likely to happen content and assignments to be confounding and thereby lose motive to work because they do non understand what to make. 4. â€Å" Develop a good relationship with the scholars † . If the instructor has a good relationship with the pupils, they are more likely to experience comfy and unafraid during category. This will so increase the opportunities of the pupils experiencing motivated to larn the topic. 5. â€Å" Increase the scholars ‘ lingual assurance † . If the pupils ‘ assurance is increased, they are more likely to experience it is deserving their while to analyze and larn. Without assurance, the pupils tend to believe that it does non count whether they study or non, they will non win in the terminal anyhow. 6. â€Å" Make the linguistic communication classes interesting † . If the content of the English categories are perceived as interesting by the pupils, they are more likely to desire to larn it. 7. â€Å" Promote scholar liberty † . If the pupils learn how to work by themselves during category and to win after holding taken charge of an assignment themselves, this might do them see that they accomplished this by themselves and thereby actuate them to go on acquisition. 8. â€Å" Personalize the acquisition procedure † . If the acquisition procedure is personalized, which in this instance refers to the utilizing of relevant stuff and the integrating of the pupils ‘ ain personalities in the content of the topic, the pupils are more likely to encompass what is to be learned. 9. â€Å" Increase the scholars ‘ goal-orientedness † . If the instructor helps the pupils to put ends for themselves of what they want to carry through and larn, it becomes easier for the pupils to concretize how they need to travel about it in order to make the end. This manner, a end does non resemble an unsurmountable obstruction which might interfere with the pupils ‘ motive to larn an L2. 10. â€Å" Familiarize scholars with the mark linguistic communication civilization † . If the pupils know about the English states and their civilizations, the pupils ‘ attitudes towards the linguistic communication might better and thereby rendering the linguistic communication more interesting and actuating to larn.